One playbook for being counted while protesting: 1897 Kūʻē Petitions Protesting Annexation

• UNITY: Coalition-building (Hui Aloha ʻĀina and Hui Kālaiʻāina)
• COHESION: Mass Meeting called (hālāwai makaʻāinana)
• ONIPA’A and MANA’O: James Kaulia defined the terms of battle: brain-against-brain (battle of ideas)
  — “Do not be afraid, be steadfast in aloha for your land and be united in thought. Protest forever the annexation of Hawaiʻi until the very last aloha ʻāina [lives]!”
• MANA’O: David Kalauokalani explains to the people what Annexation actually means practically:
  — complete giveaway of the entire nation’s assets to the U.S.
  — U.S. law would not extend to the Hawaiian Islands, but the Congress of the U.S. would decide how Hawaiʻi was to be governed.
• CONVERT TO ACTION: Converting people to achievable immediate action: petition (draft approved by the crowd)
  — sent volunteers to all islands, and collected 21,000 signatures “Petition Against Annexation” in one month!
  — another petition to restore the Queen collected 17,000 signatures at the same time
  — population est. of Kanaka Maoli was about 40,000
• KIA’I: 4 trusted delegates sent w/petitions to D.C. to present to congress
  — met with the Queen on tactics for presenting (united message)
  — they were told their trip was a waste of time, already get 58 pro Treaty of Annexation, 2 more needed
  — by the time they left, only 46 votes pro-treaty
• Treaty of Annexation vote FAILED to pass 1898. Never did pass, only the Newlands Resolution.
• The will of the people are now in the historical record.